TOPIC: APT
Resolving "repository doesn't support architecture i386" error when checking for updates to Brave Browser on Linux
7th June 2024
Recently, I started to observe the following message when doing my usual update routine on Linux Mint (Debian, Ubuntu and their variants are likely affected as well):
N: Skipping acquire of configured file 'main/binary-i386/Packages' as repository 'https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com stable InRelease' doesn't support architecture 'i386'
As the message suggests, there was something amiss with the repository set up for Brave, a browser that I added for extra privacy. Since Firefox remains the main one that I use, Brave is something that I have in hand for when I need it. Handily, its installation routine adds in repository information for keeping it up to date. However, there is an issue with what you find in /etc/apt/sources.list.d/brave-browser-release.list. By default, the line appears like thus:
deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/brave-browser-archive-keyring.gpg] https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com/ stable main
To avoid the i386 error, it needs to look like this instead:
deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/brave-browser-archive-keyring.gpg arch=amd64] https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com/ stable main
The difference between the tow is the presence of arch=amd64 in the second version. This stops the search for non-existent i386 files, the 32 bit version in other words. With Y2K2038 in the offing, the days of 32 bit computing architectures are numbered because there is a real limit to the magnitude of the dates that can be represented in any case. Thus, sticking with 64 bit ones is both the present for many and the future for all.
Getting rid of the "Get more security upgrades through Ubuntu Pro with 'esm-apps' enabled" message when performing a system update
15th April 2024
Not so long ago, I got the above message while running sudo apt upgrade on an Ubuntu Server system. This was not the first time that this kind of thing happened to me, so I started searching the web for a solution. You do get to see complaints about advertising, but these are never useful.
Accordingly, here are some possible ways of remediating the situation:
- Execute the following commands to disable the responsible services, renaming the configuration file to prevent it from being used (deleting or editing the configuration file to remove the unwanted content are other options):
sudo systemctl mask apt-news.servicesudo systemctl mask esm-cache.servicesudo mv /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20apt-esm-hook.conf
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20apt-esm-hook.conf.disabled - Alternatively, simply remove the
ubuntu-advantage-toolspackage, which contains the/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20apt-esm-hook.conffile. - Another option is to remove the
ubuntu-pro-clientpackage. - Lastly, there also is the possibility of enabling ESM, though that was not desirable for me.
In my case, it may have been the penultimate option on the list that I chose. In any case, I was rid of the unwanted message.
Fixing an Ansible warning about boolean type conversion
27th October 2022
My primary use for Ansible is doing system updates using the inbuilt apt module. Recently, I updated my main system to Linux Mint 21 and a few things like Ansible stopped working. Removing instances that I had added with pip3 sorted the problem, but I then ran playbooks manually, only for various warning messages to appear that I had not noticed before. What follows below is one of these.
[WARNING]: The value True (type bool) in a string field was converted to u'True' (type string). If this does not look like what you expect, quote the entire value to ensure it does not change.
The message is not so clear in some ways, not least because it had me looking for a boolean value of True when it should have been yes. A search on the web revealed something about the apt module that surprised me.: the value of the upgrade parameter is a string, when others like it take boolean values of yes or no. Thus, I had passed a bareword of yes when it should have been declared in quotes as "yes". To my mind, this is an inconsistency, but I have changed things anyway to get rid of the message.
Ensuring that Flatpak remains up to date on Linux Mint 19.2
25th October 2019
The Flatpak concept offers a useful way of getting the latest version of software like LibreOffice or GIMP on Linux machines because repositories are managed conservatively when it comes to the versions of included software. Ubuntu has Snaps, which are similar in concept. Both options bundle dependencies with the packaged software so that its operation can use later versions of system libraries than what may be available with a particular distribution.
However, even Flatpak depends on what is available through the repositories for a distribution, as I found when a software update needed a version of the tool. The solution was to add PPA using the following command and agreeing to the prompts that arise (answering Y, in other words):
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:alexlarsson/flatpak
With the new PPA instated, the usual apt commands were used to update the Flatpak package and continue with the required updates. Since then, all has gone smoothly as expected.
Installing Firefox Developer Edition in Linux Mint
22nd April 2018
Having moved beyond the slow response and larger memory footprint of Firefox ESR, I am using Firefox Developer Edition in its place, even if it means living without a status bar at the bottom of the window. Hopefully, someone will create an equivalent of the old add-on bar extensions that worked before the release of Firefox Quantum.
Firefox Developer Edition may be pre-release software with some extras for web developers like being able to drill into an HTML element and see its properties, but I am finding it stable enough for everyday use. It is speedy too, which helps, and it has its own profile so it can co-exist on the same machine as regular releases of Firefox like its ESR and Quantum variants.
Installation takes a little added effort though and there are various options available. My chosen method involved Ubuntu Make. Installing this involves setting up a new PPA as the first step and the following commands added the software to my system:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-desktop/ubuntu-make
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-make
With the above completed, it was simple to install Firefox Developer edition using the following command:
umake web firefox-dev
Where things got a bit more complicated was getting entries added to the Cinnamon Menu and Docky. While the former was sorted using the cinnamon-menu-editor command, the latter needed some tinkering with my firefox-developer.desktop file found in .local/share/applications/ within my user area to get the right icon shown. Discovering this took me into .gconf/apps/docky-2/Docky/Interface/DockPreferences/%gconf.xml where I found the location of the firefox-developer.desktop that needed changing. Once this was completed, there was nothing else to do from the operating system side.
Within Firefox itself, I opted to turn off warnings about password logins on non-HTTPS websites by going to about:config using the address bar, then looking for security.insecure_field_warning.contextual.enabled and changing its value from True to False. While some may decry this, there are some local websites on my machine that need attention at times. Otherwise, Firefox is installed with user access so I can update it as if it were a Windows or macOS application, and that is useful given that there are frequent new releases. All is going as I want it so far.
Upgrading avahi-dnsconfd on Ubuntu
18th April 2018
This is how I got around a problem that occurred when I was updating a virtualised Ubuntu 16.04 instance that I have. My usual way to do this is using apt-get or apt from the command line and the process halted because a pre-removal script for the upgrade of avahi-dnsconf failed. The cause was its failure to disable the avahi daemon beforehand, so I needed to execute the following command before repeating the operation:
sudo systemctl disable avahi-daemon
Once the upgrade had completed, then it was time to re-enable the service using the following command:
sudo systemctl enable avahi-daemon
Ideally, this would be completed without such manual intervention. As it happens, there is a bug report for the unexpected behaviour. Hopefully, it will be sorted soon, but these steps will fix things for now.
Trying out a new way to upgrade Linux Mint in situ while going from 17.3 to 18.1
19th March 2017
There was a time when the only recommended way to upgrade Linux Mint from one version to another was to do a fresh installation with back-ups of data and a list of the installed applications created from a special tool.
Even so, it never stopped me doing my own style of in situ upgrade, though some might see that as a risky option. More often than not, that actually worked without causing major problems in a time when Linux Mint releases were more tightly tied to Ubuntu's own six-monthly cycle.
Linux Mint releases now align with Ubuntu's Long Term Support (LTS) editions. This means major changes occur only every two years, with minor releases in between. These minor updates are delivered through Linux Mint's Update Manager, making the process simple. Upgrades are not forced, so you can decide when to upgrade, as all main and interim versions receive the same extended support. The recommendation is to avoid upgrading unless something is broken on your installation.
For a number of reasons, I stuck with that advice by sticking on my main machine with Linux Mint 17.3 instead of upgrading to Linux Mint 18. The fact that I broke things on another machine using an older method of upgrading provided even more encouragement.
However, I subsequently discovered another means of upgrading between major versions of Linux Mint that had some endorsement from the project. There still are warnings about testing a live DVD version of Linux Mint on your PC first and backing up your data beforehand. Another task is ensuring that you are upgraded from a fully up-to-date Linux Mint 17.3 installation.
When you are ready, you can install mintupgrade using the following command:
sudo apt-get install mintupgrade
When that is installed, there is a sequence of tasks that you need to do. The first of these is to simulate an upgrade to test for the appearance of untoward messages and resolve them. Repeating any checking, until all is well, gets a recommendation. The command is as follows:
mintupgrade check
Once you are happy that the system is ready, the next step is to download the updated packages so they are on your machine ahead of their installation. Only then should you begin the upgrade process. The two commands that you need to execute are below:
mintupgrade download
mintupgrade upgrade
After these complete, restart your system. In my case, the process worked well, with only my PHP installation requiring attention. I resolved a clash between different versions of the scripting interpreter by removing the older one, as PHP 7 is best kept for testing. Apart from reinstalling VMware Player and upgrading from version 18 to 18.1, I had almost nothing else to do and experienced minimal disruption. This is fortunate as I rely heavily on my main PC. The alternative of a full installation would have left me sorting things out for several days afterwards because I use a customised selection of software.
Reloading .bashrc within a BASH terminal session
3rd July 2016
BASH is a command-line interpreter that is commonly used by Linux and UNIX operating systems. Chances are that you will find yourself in a BASH session if you start up a terminal emulator in many of these, though there are others like KSH and SSH too.
BASH comes with its own configuration files and one of these is located in your own home directory, .bashrc. Among other things, it can become a place to store command shortcuts or aliases. Here is an example:
alias us='sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade'
Such a definition needs there to be no spaces around the equals sign, and the actual command to be declared in single quotes. Doing anything other than this will not work, as I have found. Also, there are times when you want to update or add one of these and use it without shutting down a terminal emulator and restarting it.
To reload the .bashrc file to use the updates contained in there, one of the following commands can be issued:
source ~/.bashrc
. ~/.bashrc
Both will read the file and execute its contents so you get those updates made available so you can continue what you are doing. There appears to be a tendency for this kind of thing in the world of Linux and UNIX because it also applies to remounting drives after a change to /etc/fstab and restarting system services like Apache, MySQL or Nginx. The command for the former is below:
sudo mount -a
Often, the means for applying the sorts of in-situ changes that you make are simple ones too, and anything that avoids system reboots has to be good since you have less work interruptions.
ERROR: Can't find the archive-keyring
10th April 2014
When I recently did my usual system update for the stable version Ubuntu GNOME, there were some updates pertaining to apt and the process failed when I executed the following command:
sudo apt-get upgrade
Usefully, some messages were issued and here's a flavour:
Setting up apt (0.9.9.1~ubuntu3.1) ...
ERROR: Can't find the archive-keyring
Is the ubuntu-keyring package installed?
dpkg: error processing apt (--configure):
subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
apt
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
Web searches indicated the issue was missing files in /usr/share/keyring, which I didn't delete. Since apt was disabled due to the missing keyring files, installing software for fixes was impossible. My solution was to copy the /usr/share/keyring files from an Ubuntu GNOME 14.04 virtual machine to the same location on my Ubuntu GNOME 13.10 host. For others without this setup, I've included these files in a zip file below. While other solutions like Y PPA were mentioned, they required prior installation, making them useless when tools like Synaptic were unavailable. I'd appreciate information on other fixes that don't involve reinstalling the operating system, potential causes for the file loss, and how to prevent it.
How to compile and install Nightingale when PPA repositories fail on Ubuntu 13.10
3rd December 2013
When I upgraded to Ubuntu GNOME 13.10 and went for the 64-bit variant, I tried a previously tried and tested approach for installing Nightingale that used a PPA, only for it not to work. At that point, the repository had not caught up with the latest Ubuntu release (it has by the time of writing) and other pre-compiled packages would not work either. However, there was one further possibility left, and that was downloading a copy of the source code and compiling that. My previous experiences of doing that kind of thing have not been universally positive, so it was not my first choice, but I gave it a go anyway.
To get the source code, I first needed to install Git so I could take a copy from the version controlled repository and the following command added the tool and all its dependencies:
sudo apt-get install git autoconf g++ libgtk2.0-dev libdbus-glib-1-dev libtag1-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-dev zip unzip
With that lot installed, it was time to check out a copy of the latest source code, and I went with the following:
git clone https://github.com/nightingale-media-player/nightingale-hacking.git
The next step was to go into the nightingale-hacking sub-folder and issue the following command:
./build.sh
That should produce a subdirectory named nightingale that contains the compiled executable files. If this exists, it can be copied into /opt. If not, then create a folder named nightingale under /opt using copy the files from ~/nightingale-hacking/compiled/dist into that location. Ubuntu GNOME 13.10 comes with GNOME Shell 3.8, the next step took a little fiddling before it was sorted: adding an icon to the application menu or dashboard. This involved adding a file called nightingale.desktop in /usr/share/applications/ with the following contents:
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nightingale
Comment=Play music
TryExec=/opt/nightingale/nightingale
Exec=/opt/nightingale/nightingale
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nightingale.xpm
Type=Application
X-GNOME-DocPath=nightingale/index.html
X-GNOME-Bugzilla-Bugzilla=Nightingale
X-GNOME-Bugzilla-Product=nightingale
X-GNOME-Bugzilla-Component=BugBuddyBugs
X-GNOME-Bugzilla-Version=1.1.2
Categories=GNOME;Audio;Music;Player;AudioVideo;
StartupNotify=true
OnlyShowIn=GNOME;Unity;
Keywords=Run;
Actions=New
X-Ubuntu-Gettext-Domain=nightingale
[Desktop Action New]
Name=Nightingale
Exec=/opt/nightingale/nightingale
OnlyShowIn=Unity
It was created from a copy of another *.desktop file and the categories in there together with the link to the icon were as important as the title and took a little tinkering before all was in place. Also, you may find that /opt/nightingale/chrome/icons/default/default.xpm needs to be become /usr/share/pixmaps/nightingale.xpm using the cp command before your new menu entry gains an icon to go with it. While the steps that I describe here worked for me, there is more information on the Nightingale wiki if you need it.