More Linux Distributions
Estimated Reading Time: 13 minutes Last updated on 21st November 2024
If a certain Richard Stallman had his way, Linux would be called GNU/Linux because he wants GNU to have some of the credit, but we’re lazy creatures, and we all call it Linux instead, much to his utter chagrin. What still amazes me is the number of Linux distributions that are out there, and those listed below are the non-mainstream options. The Linux ecosystem encompasses a fascinating array of distributions, each crafted to address specific computing needs and preferences whilst adhering to open-source principles.
These systems range from high-performance implementations that operate entirely from RAM to polished, user-friendly distributions that emphasise aesthetic refinement and ease of use. Some focus on extensive customisation and community-driven development, whilst others prioritise specific desktop environments or enterprise-grade stability.
From systems offering vast software repositories and multimedia capabilities to those embracing modern, rolling-release models, the landscape demonstrates remarkable diversity. These distributions variously cater to everyday users, technology enthusiasts, and enterprise deployments, showcasing the extraordinary versatility and adaptability of open-source operating systems.
More in the Way of Privacy
The controversy about security agencies eavesdropping on internet communications has upset some, and here are some distros offering anonymity and privacy. Of course, none of these should be used for unlawful purposes, since there are those in less liberal countries who need invisibility to speak their minds.
Qubes OS is a free, open-source operating system designed for secure compartmentalisation. It uses advanced virtualisation techniques to create isolated environments called qubes, which can have specific purposes and levels of trust. These qubes allow users to run multiple operating systems, such as Fedora or Debian, in separate compartments while maintaining strong isolation between them. Qubes also features a template system for sharing resources and devices like Tor, Whonix integration, device isolation, Split GPG, and CTAP proxy. Its eminently practical approach to security confines, controls, and contains potential damages to prevent cross-contamination. Qubes is used by vulnerable individuals and power users alike and has been endorsed by renowned security experts. Users can download, install, and use the system on supported hardware with documentation and community support available.
Robolinux is a Linux operating system founded by John Martinson in 2002, dedicated to providing virus-free, time-saving, and productivity-enhancing Linux systems for personal computers. The founder’s vision was to create an OS tailored to user needs, including compatibility with existing Windows software, without a learning curve or financial cost. Robolinux offers various versions that run faster than Windows, ensuring seamless operation of regular programs in a secure partition unaffected by viruses. The system also includes optional expert tech support and innovative applications accessible through an annual subscription. Since its inception, it has provided millions of users worldwide with a robust, private, and customisable operating system.
This is an option for those who are worried about being tracked online. All internet connections are sent via the Tor network, and it is run exclusively as a live distro from CD, DVD or USB stick drive too, so no trace is left on any PC. The basis is Debian, and the distro’s name is an acronym: The Amnesiac Incognito Live System. For us living in a democratic country, the effort may seem excessive, but that changes in other places where folk are not so fortunate. The use of Tor may not be perfect, yet it should help in combination with the use of different sessions for different tasks and encrypting any files. There even is an option to make the desktop appear like that of Windows XP for extra discreteness of use.
Most Linux distros that have enhanced security and anonymity as a feature are not installable on a PC, but that exactly is what’s unique about Whonix. It’s based on Debian, but all internet connections go via the Tor network. The latter is called Whonix-Gateway, with Whonix-Workstation being what you use to work on your system. It may sound like being overly careful, yet it has me intrigued.
Entertainment
Modern home entertainment demands versatile solutions that can handle everything from high-definition movies to retro gaming. Several specialised Linux distributions have emerged to meet these needs, each with unique strengths and target audiences. Here then is a selection for your perusal.
A specialised media centre OS built on Linux and KODI, CoreELEC transforms Amlogic devices into comprehensive entertainment hubs. Supporting modern hardware like T7 and A311D2 (2024), it handles diverse media formats from standard MP4 to high-end Dolby Vision and 3D content. With robust audio capabilities spanning MP3 to FLAC and retro gaming audio, plus support for the latest networking hardware, CoreELEC serves as the go-to choice for manufacturers like Hardkernel, Khadas, and Beelink.
This open-source distribution turns compact computers into retro gaming consoles using RetroArch. Lakka emphasises ease of use with features like automatic joypad recognition, rewinding, netplay, and shader support. Designed for affordable hardware like Raspberry Pi 3, it efficiently emulates classic systems while maintaining a community-driven development approach within the libretro ecosystem.
A lightweight KODI-focused distribution, LibreELEC targets home theatre PCs and various hardware platforms. It offers regular KODI-aligned updates, comprehensive platform support (including experimental Raspberry Pi 5 compatibility), and a vibrant community forum. Users can create custom-builds through the provided build system, though newer Amlogic hardware support remains limited.
Founded in 2014, OSMC delivers a GPL-licensed media centre experience with local and online playback capabilities. It features an integrated app store offering utilities like torrent clients and web browsers. Maintained by volunteers, including KODI and Debian developers, OSMC combines user-friendly design with regular updates and strong community support.
Mandriva Offshoots
Mandrake once was a spin of Red Hat with a more user-friendly focus. In the days before the appearance of Ubuntu, it would have been a choice for those not wanting to overcome obstacles such as a level of hardware support that was much less than what we have today. Later, Mandrake became Mandriva following litigation and the acquisition of Conectiva in 2005. The organisation has declined since those heady days, and it became defunct during 2015. Its legacy continues though in the form of several spin-off projects, so all the work of forebears has not been lost.
It was the uncertainty surrounding the future of Mandriva that originally caused this project to be started. Beginnings have been promising, so this is a one to watch, though you have to wonder if the now community-based OpenMandriva is stealing some of its limelight.
Of the pair that is listed here, it is OpenMandriva which is a continuation of the now-defunct Mandriva. Seeing how things progress for a project with user-friendliness at its heart will be of interest in these days when Debian, Ubuntu and Linux Mint are so pervasive. Even with those, there are KDE options, so there is a challenge in place.
Anything Russian may not be everyone’s choice given the state of world affairs at the time of writing, yet this still is an offshoot of Mandriva so it gets a mention in this list. Desktop environment options include KDE, XFCE and LXQt and there are various use cases covered by a range of solutions.
Others
Beyond the mainstream Linux landscape lies an extensive selection of alternative distributions, each carving out its own distinctive niche in the open-source ecosystem. These lesser-known systems showcase remarkable innovation, ranging from high-performance implementations that operate entirely from RAM to meticulously polished distributions that emphasise aesthetic refinement and ease of use.
While perhaps not well-known names, these alternative distributions demonstrate the true diversity of Linux, with some focusing on extensive customisation and community-driven development, whilst others prioritise specific desktop environments or enterprise-grade stability. From systems offering vast software repositories and multimedia capabilities to those embracing modern, rolling-release models, these hidden gems of the Linux world cater to enthusiasts, experimenters, and specialists who seek computing experiences beyond the conventional path.
EasyOS is a unique Linux system that runs entirely from RAM for lightning-fast performance. It uses containers to keep programs secure and isolated, while offering a simple interface for managing them. The system only writes to storage when you choose to save data, making it both secure and efficient. Despite its small size, it comes packed with useful applications and works on both modern and older computers. Its user-friendly desktop environment and support for common package formats like AppImages and Flatpaks make it easy to install and use new programs, while built-in encryption options keep your data safe.
GeckoLinux is a Linux distribution based on openSUSE, tailored for detail-oriented users with a focus on polish and usability. It offers installable live DVD/USB images for various desktop environments, including Cinnamon, XFCE, Gnome, Mate, Plasma, LXQt, Budgie, and Pantheon editions, each with pleasant default configurations and pre-installed open source and proprietary software. GeckoLinux comes with features like Btrfs sub-volume layout for easy rollbacks, beautiful font rendering, optimal power management, and pre-selected repositories. It distinguishes itself from openSUSE by offering offline installable images, customised editions, pre-installed common applications, preference for Packman repo packages, and less unwanted package installations during upgrades. GeckoLinux is available in rolling edition releases based on openSUSE Tumbleweed. The project aims to address the “paper cuts” issue in the default openSUSE configuration and is maintained by a user who has used Linux since 2001, including openSUSE since its inception.
Gentoo is a customisable, high-performance Linux distribution with extensive community support. It utilises the Portage system for automatic software optimisation and adaptation to various applications, making it an adaptable solution for servers, gaming systems, and more. With over 19,000 available packages, Gentoo offers extreme configurability and frequent updates through simple commands. The distribution benefits from a strong community of developers and users, providing documentation, infrastructure support, and security assurance. For those interested in contributing or seeking assistance, various channels are available including IRC, forums, mailing lists, and the possibility of becoming a developer.
KaOS is an independent, Linux distribution focused on Qt and KDE. It’s a rolling release that aims for best integration with these technologies by using a limited number of repositories and maintaining in-house developed applications like the Custom Package Viewer and installer Calamares. KaOS targets users who prefer one DE (KDE Plasma) and one toolkit (Qt) over a broad range of software. It’s simple in goals and has an elegant layout, with every package being built in-house using Pacman as its package manager. The community can contribute through KaOS Community Packages (KCP). KaOS doesn’t aim to be the most comprehensive distribution, and instead focuses on quality over quantity.
SuSE Linux was one of the first Linux distros that I started to explore, and I even had it loaded on my home PC as a secondary operating system for quite a while too before my attention went elsewhere. Only for a PC Plus cover-mounted CD, I never might have discovered it, and it bested Red Hat, which was as prominent then, as Fedora is today. When SuSE fell into Novell’s hands, it became both openSUSE and SuSE Linux Enterprise Edition. The former is the community and the latter is what Novell, now itself an Attachmate Group company, offers to business customers. As it happens, I continue to keep an eye on openSUSE and even had it on a secondary PC before font resolution deficiencies had me looking elsewhere. While it’s best known for its KDE variant, there is a GNOME one too, and it is this that I have been examining.
PCLinuxOS is a free, easy-to-use Linux operating system for x86_64 desktops or laptops. It can be used as a Live CD/DVD/USB image or installed on your computer using the Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) and Synaptic. The distribution offers over 12,000 software packages and includes an internet suite for browsing, emailing, instant messaging, blogging, tweeting, watching online videos, and more. It also supports photo editing with GIMP and Picasa, music and video playback, streaming, and design tools. The system is secure from viruses, adware, malware, or trojans, and has a script called mylivecd for easy backup of your data or creating custom live images. The distribution was founded in 2003 by Bill Reynolds (Texstar) and supports over 85 languages through an Addlocale interface. Support is available online through a friendly forum.
This Turkish distro got reviewed in Linux Format at one stage, and they were not satisfied with its documentation. It does not help that the website is not in English, so you need a translation tool of your choosing for this one. Here then is the gist of what the home page has to say:
Pisi GNU/Linux is a user-friendly, open source distribution developed by a community of free software enthusiasts. It focuses on simplifying computer usage for users and meets their basic desktop needs. The distribution provides the latest stable versions of packages, including full Turkish language support with spell and grammar checks. Its quick and easy installation process is supported by a graphical interface, making it accessible to all users. After installation, essential programs are automatically installed, and the system is free from viruses due to its Linux infrastructure. Pisi GNU/Linux offers a wide range of applications and recognises hardware easily. It is highly customisable through KDE’s KAPTAN, allowing for countless combinations. Overall, it is a fast, stable, user-friendly distribution with full Turkish support that can be easily adopted by users.
Solus is a modern open-source operating system that empowers users with continuous updates, industry-proven technologies, and software for various needs. It’s an independent Linux distribution offering multiple desktop environments like Budgie, GNOME, MATE, and KDE Plasma. With its curated rolling release model, it provides fast performance, accessibility to both new and experienced users, pre-installed software such as Firefox, LibreOffice, and Thunderbird, and excellent hardware compatibility. Solus offers unique features like Raven (notification centre) and ypkg (package building tool). It’s known for its active community support through documentation, forums, and IRC channels despite limited commercial backing. Solus focuses on desktop usability and performance to provide a distinct Linux experience.
Tizen is an open-source operating system developed by the Linux Foundation, primarily used by Samsung Electronics and backed by a community of developers. Designed for various devices like smartphones, smartwatches, smart TVs, and home appliances, Tizen boasts a modular Linux architecture, strong HTML5 support, multi-platform compatibility (mobile, wearable, TV), rich APIs, and multiple programming languages. Key features include optimised performance on Samsung devices, open-source nature, and a growing ecosystem of applications available through the Tizen Store. Despite these advantages, Tizen faces challenges such as limited adoption beyond Samsung and a smaller app ecosystem compared to established platforms like Android. Developed from earlier projects like MeeGo and Bada, Tizen continues to be advanced primarily for use in Samsung smart devices.
Void is a Linux distribution focused on stability, using runit as its init system and service supervisor. It offers a rolling release with a native package manager called xbps, written from scratch under the 2-clause BSD licence. Void supports both musl and GNU C libraries and provides isolation through Linux namespaces during software building. The distribution has an independent package manager system, which allows quick installation, updating, and removal of software. It is available on various platforms and supports native or cross-compilation for target machines with multiple C libraries. Void focuses on stability, continually building new software into binary packages upon repository changes. Contributors are welcome to extend documentation and add/update packages. The project has recently upgraded its buildbot to version 4.0, managed by Nomad, improving reliability, observability, and reproducibility in deployment. New contributors are always invited to join the community.