Debian & Derivatives
Estimated Reading Time: 21 minutes Last updated on 23rd November 2024
Debian is one of the oldest Linux distributions and has spawned many of derivatives, with Ubuntu being the most notable of the lot. It, too, has a range of ports that include one using a BSD kernel (GNU/kFreeBSD) too. Mainly, though, it is the x86 and AMD64 architecture Linux variants that get the most attention.
After all, I do have something of a soft spot for Debian, mainly because it was loaded on a backup machine that was pressed into service when my main home system went belly up on me in 2009. It may attract its aficionados (and there is an administrator’s manual so that gives you an idea of who gets attracted to the OS) but that does nothing to detract from its usability based on my experience of using it. Well, Ubuntu did start from a good base when it did.
The changes introduced with GNOME 3 have been contentious and the Debian team has toyed with using other default desktop environments yet always returned to it regardless. Still, the range of desktop environments that you can use with Debian has expanded, with both Cinnamon and KDE being options that come to mind and there are others.
Debian’s focus on stability may be the reason why it has so many variants, like Ubuntu and Linux Mint, to name just two. Whenever a new version does appear, it may not have the latest versions of software, but there are times when experimentation needs to be tamed, and it is good to know that upheaval hardly is a regular occurrence either.
More Options Based on Debian
So many other distros are based on Debian that there needs to be a list of them on here. Ubuntu and Linux Mint are the most notable of the lot, but there are many others, as you will see below. Others may fall in more specific functional listings that you can find via the sidebar.
Bodhi Linux is a lightweight, customizable Linux distribution based on Ubuntu with a minimalist approach, targeting both experienced and new users. It offers essential applications like Chromium, Terminology, Leafpad, ePhoto, Thunar, and Synaptic by default while being resource-efficient enough to run on older hardware. The Moksha desktop provides a fast, efficient experience with extensive customisation options and theming capabilities. Bodhi Linux is particularly appealing for those looking to revitalize old computers or seek a minimalist and customizable Linux environment. With recent updates focusing on user experience and performance improvements, Bodhi continues to evolve while maintaining its core philosophy of minimalism and user choice.
Deepin is a Debian-based Linux distribution developed by Deepin Technology, offering an intuitive and visually appealing operating system. Its custom desktop environment, the Deepin Desktop Environment (DDE), emphasises aesthetics and usability, making it suitable for users transitioning from Windows or macOS. Key features include a user-friendly interface with smooth animations and rounded window corners, a customizable application launcher, and a dock for easy access to frequently used applications. The Deepin Software Center simplifies software installation and updates. The latest version at the time of writing introduced Wayland support, a new Linglong package format, atomic updates and an enhanced user experience. Deepin caters to both beginners and experienced Linux users seeking a modern desktop experience.
When Debian changed from sysvinit to systemd for managing system start-up and services, there were those who disagreed strongly with the decision. Though the Debian team did vote for this under the bonnet change, the detractors set up Devuan as an alternative downstream project that allows them to continue as they were.
Elementary OS is a user-friendly Linux distribution based on Ubuntu, appealing to those who value simplicity, elegance, and ease of use. The Pantheon desktop environment emphasises a visually appealing design and intuitive navigation reminiscent of macOS. Elementary OS comes with custom-built applications that integrate seamlessly and offers a straightforward installation process with accessibility features. Its latest version at the time of writing includes enhancements like improved performance, personalisation options, and a redesigned AppCenter. Targeted at casual users seeking an aesthetic and user-friendly alternative to mainstream operating systems, elementary OS may not cater to power users’ deep customisation needs.
ExTiX Linux is a versatile, lightweight distribution based on Ubuntu that provides multiple desktop environments such as Deepin Desktop Environment (DDE), LXQt, and KDE Plasma. Developed by Arne Exton and hosted by the Swedish Linux Society, ExTiX offers a portable and customizable operating system with live USB capabilities. Its latest version, 24.8, is built on the Deepin 23 STABLE environment and utilises a customised kernel for enhanced performance and stability. The most recent release includes improvements in system performance and aesthetics, offering an attractive interface and user-friendly features like pre-configured app launchers and a simple desktop menu. ExTiX targets users seeking a functional Linux distribution with minimal privacy concerns on older hardware or as a portable solution. While its selection of pre-installed applications may be limited compared to other distributions, users can easily install additional software via the Deepin AppStore or package managers. The development team addresses privacy concerns by providing an alternative to the original Deepin distribution, which has faced allegations of data collection practices.
Finnix is a Debian-based Live CD Linux distribution designed for system administrators, focusing on tasks like filesystem recovery, network monitoring, and operating system installation. With a small footprint (approximately 100 MiB) and support for various media to boot from, Finnix runs entirely in RAM without affecting the existing OS. Its console-based interface provides quick access to comprehensive tools including disk partitioning utilities, filesystem manipulation programs, boot record repair applications, data recovery software, network traffic monitoring solutions, and operating system installation assistants. Finnix is particularly useful for system recovery, network management, and OS installation scenarios and caters to experienced Linux users or IT professionals due to its advanced utilities and console-based interface.
If you can forego the support that Linspire offers its customers, then this can come to you free of charge. Freespire is a free and open-source Linux distribution based on Ubuntu, offering a user-friendly desktop experience while upholding open-source principles. Once a commercial product, it was relaunched in 2017 as a community-driven project under PC/OpenSystems LLC. Freespire utilises a customised GNOME desktop environment and includes essential applications like OnlyOffice for document editing, Rhythmbox for music playback, Geary as the email client, Brave Browser for web browsing, and multimedia support. It emphasises open-source software while limiting proprietary drivers and codecs. Freespire caters to a diverse audience, including home users, developers and power users, and educational institutions seeking a cost-effective open-source operating system.
Grml is a Debian-based Linux distribution designed primarily for system administrators and text tool users, known for its live CD functionality that enables a fully functional Linux environment without hard drive installation. Targeted at system administrators, IT professionals, and advanced users, its extensive toolset focuses on system recovery, network administration, and data forensics. Accessibility features include kernel support for screen readers and braille displays. Grml’s command-line focus may not be ideal for casual or novice Linux users.
Knoppix is a bootable CD containing Debian-based GNU/Linux software, automatic hardware detection for various devices, and support for graphics cards, sound cards, USB devices, network connections, data recovery utilities, internet connection tools, multimedia players, programming languages, development tools, OpenOffice, and over 900 installed packages. It’s used as a Linux demo, educational resource, rescue system, or platform for commercial software product demos without requiring hard disk installation.
Kubuntu, an official Ubuntu flavour launched in April 2005, utilises the KDE Plasma desktop environment instead of GNOME. Designed for home users, developers, and educational institutions, it offers a user-friendly experience with regular releases every six months. Kubuntu 24.04 includes updates like kernel 6.5, improved mobile device integration, and a refined interface. The KDE Plasma environment ensures customisation options while maintaining the robust foundation of Ubuntu.
Linux Lite, a user-friendly distribution based on Ubuntu LTS, was launched in 2012 and designed primarily for Windows users transitioning to Linux. It utilises the Xfce desktop environment, known for speed and low resource usage, with a familiar interface. Fully equipped with essential applications like Google Chrome, LibreOffice, GIMP, VLC media player, Timeshift, and Thunderbird, Linux Lite caters to users with older hardware. Features include Lite Tweaks (for system maintenance), Lite Software (a simplified application installer), and the System Monitoring Center. Security features include a firewall and notifications for updates. Targeted at Windows migrants, new Linux users, and those with older hardware, it offers ease of use while maintaining robust features and applications.
The main distro may be based on Ubuntu, but there is a Debian-based version, LMDE, too. The latter only comes with the Cinnamon desktop environment, while the former comes with Cinnamon, MATE and Xfce. My everyday choice has been the Cinnamon edition based on Ubuntu, even if the Debian version has been checked out for a time as well; LMDE felt a little clunkier to me, so I am staying mainstream for my purposes. All in all, Linux Mint feels far more community-oriented with less drama, which is why it gets my vote for everyday computing.
The first place I ever tried Lubuntu was on a now elderly Asus Eee PC netbook. LXDE is the desktop environment choice here too, and it’s very lightweight and so fits the bill for netbooks and PC’s that are getting on in years. The included software is chosen for being lightweight, so Chromium appeared instead of Firefox, but the accessibility of Ubuntu repositories meant that LibreOffice and the aforementioned Firefox never took long to appear on where I installed Lubuntu. Originally, it was an independent project, but it impressed Mark Shuttleworth enough to gain official support, such that new versions now appear on the same day as the main Ubuntu release itself.
MakuluLinux is a rolling-release distribution based on Ubuntu’s LTS or Debian’s “Testing” branch, offering multiple editions including LinDoz (Cinnamon), Core (Xfce), Flash (standard Xfce), Shift (GNOME), and Max (AI integration). Focused on user-friendliness, it provides pre-installed multimedia codecs, device drivers, everyday software, and extensive customisation options. Optimised for speed, it supports various processors, graphics cards, and modern file systems. The new Max edition introduces the Electra AI system, a desktop manager for easy customisation, a tweaked GNOME Software Center, and gaming support with Steam pre-installed.
MX Linux is a popular, user-friendly distribution based on Debian stable and antiX components. It uses Xfce as its flagship desktop environment, with KDE Plasma and Fluxbox alternatives. The distribution emphasises performance, resource efficiency, and ease of use for both newcomers and experienced users. Its MX Tools suite simplifies system management through utilities like Snapshot, Package Installer, and Tweak. Regular updates keep the system running smoothly on a wide range of hardware. Recent enhancements include an improved installation process, updated desktop environments, a new MX Service Manager, and enhanced software management capabilities.
Netrunner is a Linux operating system that utilises the KDE Plasma desktop environment and is based on Debian Stable for PCs, laptops/netbooks, and ARM microcomputers. It offers a high-performance experience with continuous updates, compatibility with various applications, and easy customisation of settings through its intuitive interface. Netrunner’s standard version comes with pre-installed software and is built on the latest Debian Stable for stability. With active sponsorship of KDE Plasma development, users enjoy optimised configurations such as default use of Dash and Simplemenu, task manager with expanding icons, unified look for applications, and easy management of services like Akonadi, Baloo, KRunner, and KWallet through System Settings. The Calamares installer ensures an easy setup process, while other features include Firefox ESR shipping with Plasma Integration add-ons and minimal system requirements for Intel Atom CPUs and 1GB RAM. If you’re interested in contributing or getting involved, join the Netrunner Forums.
Nitrux is a contemporary Linux distribution based on Debian that focuses on design, usability, and performance. It offers the NX Desktop environment, a customised KDE Plasma version with aesthetic appeal and extensive customisation options. The distribution utilises a rolling release model for continuous updates, ships with the XanMod kernel for enhanced multitasking and responsiveness, and supports AppImages for flexible application usage. The latest version includes software upgrades, an improved update tool, better graphics performance, and security fixes. Suitable for new and experienced users alike, Nitrux provides a polished user experience while ensuring modern functionality and performance.
Pardus is a free, Debian-based Linux operating system developed by the TÜBİTAK BİLGEM Software Technologies Research Institute. It offers two desktop environments (GNOME and Xfce), user-friendly tools like My Computer and Power Manager, and supports Turkish language use. Pardus aims to provide a reliable, efficient solution for home users, businesses, and government institutions. The latest stable release features enhanced security, updated software packages, and improved power management.
Peppermint OS is a lightweight, user-friendly Linux distribution based on Debian as of July 2023. It is designed for older hardware and modern machines, consuming around 330 MB RAM when idle. The primary desktop environment is Xfce, but users can install others if desired. The OS includes the ICE tool that lets users create Site-Specific Browsers (SSBs) to enhance web app integration. With minimal pre-installed software and a “less is more” philosophy, Peppermint OS has a wide appeal, targeting new Linux users, those with older hardware, and cloud-centric users.
If you buy a computer from System76, then Pop!_OS is the operating system that you get with it, since the project is orchestrated by the same company. Pop!_OS is an operating system designed for STEM and creative professionals, enabling fast navigation, easy workspace organisation, and fluid workflow on laptops, desktops, mini computers, servers, keyboards, and components. It features auto-tiling, keyboard navigation, stacking, customizable workspaces, and is compatible with various development toolkits, media production software, bioinformatics applications, and more. It offers encryption, rolling updates, firmware management, privacy protection, and a wide range of software libraries from Ubuntu and Flatpak. The OS supports hybrid graphics and gaming, provides a dark mode, and is available for Raspberry Pi 4 board as Pop!_Pi in tech preview. Pop!_OS is free to download and adapt for the Raspberry Pi, with options to try it out before committing.
Q4OS is a desktop-oriented, fast and stable Linux operating system based on Debian. It offers dedicated utilities and optimisations, catering to both newcomers and experienced users by providing a productive environment tailored to individual needs. Q4OS is lean and efficient due to unique tools that eliminate unnecessary components, ensuring quick setup and minimal resource usage. It is stable and reliable, with long-term security updates from Debian’s development model. Users can customize their desktop experience through various themes, or opt for the lightweight Trinity desktop environment. Dual desktops are supported, allowing multiple environments to run simultaneously without interference. Q4OS offers a Windows installer for easy integration alongside existing Windows systems and comes with additional features like a Desktop profiler and Software centre.
Siduction is a rolling release operating system based on the Linux kernel and GNU project, with applications and libraries sourced from Debian. Named after the codename “Sid” of Debian Unstable and “seduction,” it offers regular updates without requiring reinstallation. Users are encouraged to get involved in this community distribution, which was founded in 2011 following the Aptosid community. Siduction’s goal is to involve its users, give back to Debian, and promote free software and drivers while informing users about free and proprietary software choices. The project is financially supported by numerous users and has infrastructure sponsorship from IP-Projects.
SparkyLinux is a Debian-based, fast, lightweight, and customizable GNU/Linux distribution. It offers several versions tailored to different use cases such as standard desktop editions, minimal versions, game-focused editions, multimedia enthusiasts, and rescue mode for fixing broken operating systems. Key features include Debian stability options, multiple desktop environments, lightweight design, custom tools, pre-installed multimedia codecs and plugins, own repository, easy installation methods, and wireless/mobile network card support. While not intended for beginners, it provides a balance between ease of use and advanced customisation options. Based on Debian, SparkyLinux offers stable and semi-rolling editions, with various desktop environments including LXDE, LXQt, Xfce, as well as special editions like GameOver, Multimedia, Rescue, Ultra-Lightweight MinimalGUI, and CLI Edition. It supports most wireless and mobile network cards and has an own repository featuring a large collection of additional applications.
SpiralLinux is a Debian-based Linux distribution focusing on simplicity and out-of-the-box usability across major desktop environments. It offers a range of spins built from Debian GNU/Linux, providing an alternative live installation method for a customised Debian system using only official repositories. Key features include smaller installations sizes (around 2GB), hardware support, graphical manager for Flatpak packages, PipeWire and other low-level configurations, optimal power management, broad hardware compatibility, extensive printer support, and virtualisation capabilities. SpiralLinux is designed to be dependent on Debian’s infrastructure while offering a user-friendly experience. Downloads are available for various desktop environments like Cinnamon, XFCE, Gnome, Plasma, Mate, Budgie, LXQt, and the “Builder” spin. The project aims to provide a legitimate Debian installation with a unique SpiralLinux configuration that can be upgraded infinitely from official repositories. The creator is a long-time Linux user who has appreciated Debian’s flexibility but found it lacking in polish for desktop usage.
It was Ubuntu that steered me into the world of full-time Linux usage after a series of Windows XP meltdowns. In contrast to earlier dalliances with Linux, all of my hardware was supported without any bother and everything seemed to work straight away. Whatever issues I faced in those early months, there seemed to be an answer in an Ubuntu forum or blog for my problem, even if some needed a spot of thought when it came to their implementation.
These days, the Ubuntu ecosystem is extremely diverse, a long way from its Debian roots. It continues to be developed by Canonical, powering personal computers, servers, cloud computing, and IoT devices: a spread that is born out by a broad audience that includes home users, developers, businesses, cloud environments and IoT manufacturers.
Its features include the GNOME desktop environment with regular updates, long-term support every two years, extensive software repositories, focus on security, and frequent interim releases. Recent developments include an extended support cycle of 12 years. Ubuntu continues to evolve, prioritizing user experience, performance, and security, making it one of the most popular choices for both personal and enterprise use.
Ubuntu Budgie is an official Ubuntu member, offering a simple, elegant desktop interface that provides easy access to traditional computing applications. The Budgie desktop environment ensures a clean and powerful workspace without unnecessary bloat, while the Debian-derived Ubuntu repositories enable customisation with just one click. Included are preconfigured applications for everyday tasks such as web browsing (Chromium, Firefox), music playback (Rhythmbox), email management (Thunderbird), and office suites (LibreOffice). The Welcome Center provides a learning platform to help users navigate the OS. Ubuntu Budgie emphasises security by delivering continuous updates, including application patches, ensuring your system stays protected. Its extensive library of powerful applications covers various needs, from productivity to entertainment. If you’re looking for gaming options, Ubuntu Budgie offers a wide selection of high-quality titles through Steam and open source games. The ease of migration allows users to bring their accounts, calendars, and favourite apps, making it a personalised operating system.
In a sense, this is going back to how Ubuntu was before the arrival of GNOME Shell or Unity, both of which caused controversy, and it is a community effort and not one sponsored by Canonical. With Linux Mint having the MATE desktop too, you might be tempted to ask what this offers, but the decision by the Linux Mint team to go exclusively for a long-term support model answers that. In contrast, the next release of Ubuntu MATE will be 14.10 so you get an intermediate release this way and in situ distro version updates should be a possibility too, another practice that the Linux Mint team reckons is undesirable. It will be interesting to see how many go for this.
Ubuntu Studio is a specialized version of Ubuntu tailored for multimedia production, catering to beginners and professionals in various creative fields including audio, video, graphics, photography, and publishing. Key features include a pre-installed suite of open-source applications for diverse workflows, a low-latency real-time kernel for improved responsiveness, JACK sound system integration with PulseAudio, custom theme and artwork, and the KDE Plasma desktop environment since version 20.10. Ubuntu Studio aims to offer a free, open, and powerful platform for creative individuals transitioning to Linux, providing software, documentation, and community support. Its release schedule follows that of Ubuntu, with new versions every six months and LTS releases every two years. Developed by volunteers, it serves as an accessible gateway for multimedia content creation on Linux. The low-latency kernel offers faster task switching and improved responsiveness beneficial for audio and video production, while the included software covers a wide range of creative tasks from recording to design.
This is a French project with variants based on Debian and on Ubuntu. The website has sections about gaming and ChatGPT, among other things. For English speakers, text comes up in French before converting to English; patience is needed to avoid confusion.
Voyager Linux is an Ubuntu-based distribution that offers a unique and polished desktop experience. It is designed for both PC and tablet platforms with a customized interface, pre-installed themes, icons, wallpapers, and Conky widgets. The distribution emphasises flexibility and user customization and includes a suite of multimedia applications and Flatpak package management. Voyager Linux is known for its aesthetically pleasing and modern user interface. Aiming to be lightweight and efficient, it also includes a mobile office feature for creating portable workspaces on USB drives. The distribution has versions based on Debian as well, offering users the stability and reliability of Debian while maintaining Voyager’s customised experience.
Wubuntu, also known as “Windows Ubuntu,” is a user-friendly operating system based on Ubuntu that offers a Windows-like interface and experience without special hardware requirements. Its key features include an optimized Wine integration for running Windows applications, an Android subsystem with Google Play Store access, PowerTools suite for ease of use, seamless cloud integration, and a Windows-inspired KDE Plasma desktop environment. Targeted towards users transitioning from Windows to Linux, Wubuntu aims to provide a familiar interface and functionality without imposing heavy hardware requirements.
Xubuntu is a lightweight and efficient Ubuntu variant that utilizes the Xfce desktop environment, catering to older hardware or users preferring a simpler interface. This open-source distribution offers a user-friendly experience with customisable settings. It comes in two editions: Xubuntu Desktop for regular users and Xubuntu Core for those creating a custom operating system. By balancing performance and usability, Xubuntu provides an appealing choice for seeking a lightweight yet functional Linux experience.
Zentyal is a Linux distribution for small to medium businesses, based on Ubuntu LTS, offering Microsoft Active Directory compatibility and over 30 integrated open-source systems including network management tools. It supports essential services like DNS, DHCP, firewall, and VPN, with a modular design for flexibility. Key components include a Domain and Directory Server for joining Windows clients to the domain, a Mail Server supporting various protocols, and a Gateway and Infrastructure Server managing network services, security, and internet access. The latest version is Zentyal 8.0 (released February 26, 2024) with free and commercial editions available. Businesses looking to simplify network management, enhance security, or transition from Windows Server may find this solution attractive.
Zorin OS is a free, alternative operating system designed to make computers faster, more powerful, secure, and private. It’s easy to use and can be customized to resemble Windows or macOS. The software runs quickly, even on older PCs, and includes essential apps from the Software Store. Users can dual-boot it with other systems and is compatible with various file formats. Zorin OS has strong security features and respects user privacy. It offers a screen reader, magnifier, click assist, and other accessibility tools. The platform supports gaming through Steam, Lutris, and other sources, and allows phone integration via Zorin Connect for easy file transfer and remote control. Users can try the system before installing it on their computers. It works with various games like Kao the Kangaroo, Slime Rancher, No Man’s Sky, and Art of Rally.